Cerebral Palsy Publications

Lower-extremity musculotendinous surgery is standard treatment for ambulatory children with deformities such as joint contractures and bony torsions resulting from cerebral palsy (CP).

Although hippotherapy treatment has been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects on children with cerebral palsy, the samples used in research studies have been very small. In the case of hippotherapy simulators, there are no studies that either recommend or advise against their use in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy

To evaluate published evidence of efficacy and safety of pharmacologic treatments for childhood spasticity due to cerebral palsy.

These children have limitations in capacity to use the impaired upper limb and bimanual coordination deficits which impact on daily activities and participation in home, school and community life.

To investigate the ability of the New Jersey Institute of Technology Robot Assisted Virtual Rehabilitation (NJIT-RAVR) system training to elicit changes in upper extremity (UE) function in children with hemiplegia secondary to cerebral palsy.

Background: Computer simulations have demonstrated that excessive hip and knee flexion during gait, as frequently seen in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP), can reduce the ability of muscles to provide antigravity support and increase the tendency of hip muscles to internally rotate the thigh.

Cerebral palsy is common, affecting about 2–3 per 1000 children1. These children may have a motor disorder characterized by spasticity, dystonia or both.

Hypoxia-ischemia in the perinatal period is an important cause of cerebral palsy and associated disabilities in children.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and clinical utility of all condition specific outcome measures used to assess quality of life (QOL) in school aged children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Little is known about the efficacy and the working mechanisms of physical and occupational therapy interventions for children with cerebral palsy (CP). In recent years a shift from a child-focused intervention approach to a more context-focused intervention approach can be recognized.

Persons with cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk for developing an inactive lifestyle and often have poor fitness levels, which may lead to secondary health complications and diminished participation and quality of life.

It is widely accepted that infants at risk for cerebral palsy need paediatric physiotherapy. However, there is little evidence for the efficacy of physiotherapeutic intervention. Recently, a new intervention program, COPCA (Coping with and Caring for infants with special needs – a family centered program), was developed.

Regular participation in physical activities is important for all children to stay fit and healthy. Children with cerebral palsy have reduced levels of physical activity, compared to typically developing children.

Objectives: To assess the association of Apgar score 5 minutes after birth with cerebral palsy in both normal weight and low birthweight children, and also the association with the cerebral palsy subdiagnoses of quadriplegia, diplegia, and hemiplegia.

To identify the characteristics of static standing balance and its postural control mechanisms during quiet side-by-side standing and the changes in these measures whilst wearing hinged ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Development of an interactive system to treat patients with movement impairments of the upper extremity is described.

The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent validity and reliability of scores from 4 new parent-report computer-adapted testing (CAT) programs developed to measure the physical functioning of children with cerebral palsy (CP).

We hypothesize that the integration of virtual reality (VR) with robot assisted rehabilitation could be successful if applied to children with hemiparetic CP.

Adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) show a reduced physical activity (PA). Currently there are no interventions for adolescents with CP in this critical life phase that optimise and maintain the individuals’ physical activity in the long term.

The aim of this study was to define factors that influence therapy outcome of submandibular botulinum toxin injections for drooling in children with cerebral palsy or mental disability. We postulated that differences in response may be explained by the variation of dysfunctions in the various cerebral palsy subtypes.

To define clinical factors that influence therapy outcome of submandibular Botulinum Toxin (BoNT-A) injections for drooling.

Dystonia and spasticity are common symptoms in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), whose management is a challenge to overcome in order to enable the harmonized development of motor function during growth.

“The aim of this study was to determine the variables that improve spastic equinus foot caused by cerebral palsy when treated with botulinum toxin type A.
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Dysport®, a formulation of botulinum toxin A, blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions causing denervation and temporary muscle paralysis. It is used to treat several medical conditions, including dystonias and focal spasticity

Stiffness and shortening of the calf muscle due to neural or mechanical factors can profoundly affect motor function. The aim of this study was to investigate non-neurally mediated calf-muscle tightness in children with cerebral palsy (CP) before and after botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection.

Intrasalivary gland injection of botulinum toxin type A is known to treat sialorrhea effectively in children with cerebral palsy. However, oral health may be compromised with escalating dose.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type B (BoNT-B) in reducing persistent sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Botulinum toxin A in conjunction with occupational therapy reduces spasticity and improves upper limb function and goal attainment in children with cerebral palsy.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type B (BoNT-B) in reducing persistent sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

To assess treatment effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) on walking of children with leg spasticity due to cerebral palsy (CP) compared with usual care.

The objective of this study was to measure the effect of lower extremity multilevel botulinum toxin A injections and comprehensive rehabilitation on spasticity and to determine the functional gains in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy

Clinical characteristics seem not strongly correlated to the success or failure of the 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen-Emla(®) protocol and this pain treatment protocol does not prevent equally all phases of botulinum toxin injections. Future research on the products and its dilution might help to reduce pain level.

This study evaluated the improvement in clinical measures and quality of life (QOL) among patients with cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin type A. Fifty-seven parents of cerebral palsy patients who used botulinum toxin during the time of the study were enrolled.

The goal of this study was to determine the significance of the application of Botulin toxin in the treatment of spasticity and functional progress of children suffering from cerebral palsy.

We conclude that preoperative BTX-A test injection is a reliable tool for filtering out patients with risk of deterioration after muscle lengthening surgery in patients with CP and can be helpful to avoid poor outcomes.

Adverse events following botulinum toxin type A treatment in children with cerebral palsy.

Correspondence on ”Outcome measures used in studies of botulinum toxin in childhood cerebral palsy: a systematic review”.

The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that combination therapy of serial cast and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection can further enhance the effects of a BTX-A injection in ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP) who have an equinus foot.

A combined therapy of mCIMT and BoNT-A seems to be helpful to enhance the effects of the BoNT-A injection in the functional use of the affected limb in children with hemiplegic CP.

To compare the clinical outcomes of two different injection techniques, one guided by electric stimulation and the other by sonography, for botulinum toxin A injection into calf muscles for the treatment of spastic equinus in children with cerebral palsy.

The use of botulinum toxins to decrease spasticity in children with cerebral palsy has become standard of care during the past decade. In 2008 reports of severe adverse events, including death, were reported in children who received injections of these medications.

Spasticity has been successfully managed with different treatment modalities or combinations. No information is available on the effectiveness or individual contribution of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) combined with physical and occupational therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation to treat spastic upper limb.

In this study the aim was to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment on muscle tone, contracture development and gait pattern in young children with cerebral palsy (CP).

We studied the incidence of incontinence and respiratory events in children with cerebral palsy who received injections of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A).

The results indicate that child, family, and treatment characteristics influence the degree of responsiveness to BoNT-A treatment. The contribution of contextual factors (personal and environmental) on responsiveness may be underappreciated in children with CP.

This literature review uses the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to describe the quality and variety of the studies of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy since 2001. Articles were identified via electronic query and then reviewed for strength of evidence and classification of outcome measures

This literature review uses the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to describe the quality and variety of the studies of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy since 2001. Articles were identified via electronic query and then reviewed for strength of evidence and classification of outcome measures.

Botulinum toxin A in conjunction with occupational therapy reduces spasticity and improves upper limb function and goal attainment in children with cerebral palsy.

In our previous study, we elicited effectual points of view (POV) in occupational health management for visual display terminals (VDT) operators with disabilities. In order to validate the POV, two VDT operators with cerebral palsy newly-participated in our case study.

Eight weeks of occupational therapy home programme, compared to no programme, resulted in improved achievement of child and family-selected goals by children with cerebral palsy

“A multivariate model of determinants of change in gross-motor ability and engagement in self-care and play provides physical and occupational therapists a framework for decisions on interventions and supports for young children with cerebral palsy and their families.

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Long waiting times and large caseloads are a challenge to children’s therapy services internationally. Research in hospital-based healthcare indicates that waiting times are a function of throughput, and that length of care episode is related to clinicians’ caseload management behaviour (i.e. actions at assessment, treatment, post-treatment, and discharge).

We studied the effect of botulinum toxin A injections to the lower extremities of spastic cerebral palsy children on upper limb body function and occupational performance

“Contemporary rehabilitation literature emphasises functional goals for children with disabilities and use of a collaborative goal-setting process grounded in principles of family centred service delivery.

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The goal was to assess the effectiveness of an occupational therapy home program (OTHP), compared with no OTHP, with respect to function and parent satisfaction with child function, participation, goal attainment, and quality of upper limb skill in school-aged children with cerebral palsy.

To critically assess and develop recommendations for professional development (PD) for occupational therapists in a multisite specialist cerebral palsy occupational therapy service.

To investigate the co-ordination between reaching, ground reaction forces and muscle activity in standing children with severe spastic diplegia wearing dynamic ankle-foot orthoses compared with typically developing children.

The present study examines the hand movements of children with cerebral palsy during functional tests and compares the childrens’ performance with and without the aid of an orthosis that provides wrist extension and thumb abduction.

The current military conflicts of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom have been characterized by high-energy explosive wounding patterns, with the majority affecting the extremities. While many injuries have resulted in amputation, surgical advances have allowed the orthopaedic surgeon to pursue limb salvage in the face of injuries once considered unsalvageable

An international multidisciplinary group of healthcare professionals and researchers participated in a consensus conference on the management of cerebral palsy, convened by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics.

The cerebral palsy symptoms are, among others, balance and gait disorders. The goal of this study was to assess balance capabilities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy rehabilitated using Lokomat active orthosis.

The floor-reaction ankle-foot orthosis is commonly prescribed for children with cerebral palsy who walk with excessive ankle dorsiflexion and excessive knee flexion during the stance phase of gait. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of this orthosis objectively and to identify clinical parameters that may compromise its function.

A self-contained, self-controlled, pneumatic power harvesting ankle-foot orthosis (PhAFO) to manage foot-drop was developed and tested. Foot-drop is due to a disruption of the motor control pathway and may occur in numerous pathologies such as stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy.

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) may have many musculoskeletal deformities depending on the type of CP. These deformities may result from (i) lack of motor control, (ii) abnormal biomechanical alignment, (iii) impairment in timing of muscle activation, (iv) impairment in normal agonist/antagonist muscle balance, (v) lack of power generation, and (vi) balance disorder. Rehabilitation, orthopedic surgical intervention, and additional orthotic management can prevent and correct these deformities

The Lokomat gait orthosis was developed in the Spinal Cord Injury Center at the University Hospital Balgrist Zurich and provides automatic gait training for patients with neurological gait impairments, such as Cerebral Palsy (CP).

To investigate the effects of a special seating device: Thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthosis with non-rigid SIDO frame (TLSO-SIDO) in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy.

Orthoses are frequently used to improve the gait of children with cerebral palsy. Optimal clinical decision-making for improving gait through orthotic management requires an understanding of the biomechanics of the foot and ankle during normal gait, the pathophysiology and pathomechanics of gait disruption in children with cerebral palsy, and the biomechanical characteristics of various orthoses

The floor reaction ankle-foot orthosis is commonly prescribed in the attempt to decrease knee flexion during the stance phase in the cerebral palsy (CP) gait. Reported information about this type of orthosis is insufficient.

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of a hinged ankle-foot orthoses on gait impairments and energy expenditure in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) whom orthoses were indicated to control equines. Method.

To evaluate a walking device, the David Hart Walker Orthosis (HW), that was designed to allow children with severe cerebral palsy to ambulate with hands-free support.

The objective of this overview is to summarize from systematic reviews the evidence on the effectiveness of using upper and lower limb casting or orthoses in children with cerebral palsy. We used computerized bibliographic databases to search for systematic reviews without any language restrictions.

This study evaluated the biomechanical and electromyographic effects of conventional ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) and dynamic ankle foot orthoses (DAFOs) on gait in patients with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

To investigate the effectiveness of the hinged ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) on sit-to-stand (STS) transfers in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

The surgical and pharmacological treatment of cerebral palsy patients is, in many cases, complemented by orthopaedic appliances. New knowledge and materials have expanded the possibilities for orthotic treatment in the last years, but have also led to confusion on the correct technology to use in different cases.

In our gait laboratory, the gait pattern of 18 youths with neurogenic foot deformities as a result of spina bifida or cerebral palsy was examined. The influence of technical orthopaedic devices for the foot and ankle on kinematics and kinetics of the gait and especially of the knee joint were analyzed.

Dynamic ankle-foot orthoses (DAFOs) are often recommended for children with spastic diplegia in order to facilitate better function. The aim of the present study was to explore how the parents of children with diplegic cerebral palsy experience the use of DAFOs.

Anecdotal reports that children with cerebral palsy were provided different orthoses in two adjacent UK health districts were investigated using an observational comparative case study.

Hip displacement is the second most common deformity after equinus in children with cerebral palsy (CP), and may result in dislocation, pain, fixed deformity and loss of function. We studied the combined effects of intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) to the adductors and hamstrings and a variable hip abduction orthosis (SWASH), on gross motor function, hip displacement and progression to surgery, in a randomized clinical trial.

This paper reports on a series of case studies where improvements were sought in muscle tone and gait in children with cerebral palsy. A Midfoot Control Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) was developed to control foot position in a cohort of patients with cerebral palsy (CP)

There are many psychologic effects to trauma and disease. Patients often exhibit a grief reaction and loss of identity in the early stages of recovery.

A growing trend in the use of reciprocal walking orthoses for infant paraplegic patients, and their application for control of the lower limbs in very young total body involved cerebral palsy patients, has created a need for smaller components.

In order to determine whether flexible plastic ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) really have functional advantage for children with spastic diplegia (CP children). Six CP children (13.2 +/- 1.9 years) who showed moderate spasticity walked on a treadmill at relative speeds that ranged from slow to fast for three minutes at each speed.

This study was undertaken to determine the impact of spinal bracing on curve pattern and the rate of progression of neuromuscular scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy. Twenty-one patients were treated with a Wilmington custom-molded orthosis with 23 h a day brace wear for a mean bracing period of 67 months (range, 22-173).

Orthotic treatment has always been one of the main principles in palsy treatment. The effectiveness is always dependent on an exact indication. An orthosis may only support remaining functions but can never act as a substitute.

Studies using movement analysis confirm that multiple soft tissue releases improve function in the ambulant child with cerebral palsy, and highlight the fine adjustments of ankle-foot orthosis, which benefit children with myelomeningocele.

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) promotes hand function using intensive unimanual practice along with restraint of the less-affected hand. CIMT has not been compared with a treatment with equivalent dosing frequency and intensity in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Walking for children with cerebral palsy (CP) has physiological and functional benefits, but also holds symbolic significance that largely remains unexplored. The aims of this pilot study were to describe beliefs about the value of walking held by children with CP and their parents, and to examine how these beliefs inform rehabilitation choices and perceptions of ‘success’.

Aim: To compare the effects of a supported speed treadmill training exercise program (SSTTEP) with exercise on spasticity, strength, motor control, gait spatiotemporal parameters, gross motor skills, and physical function.

Cerebral palsy is the most common neurodevelopmental motor disability in children. The condition requires medical, educational, social, and rehabilitative resources throughout the life span. Several countries have developed population-based registries that serve the purpose of prospective longitudinal collection of etiologic, demographic, and functional severity.

Therapists were trained to change task and environmental factors to achieve parent-identified functional goals for children with cerebral palsy. Therapists did not provide any remediation strategies to change the abilities of the child.

Robotic movement therapy in cerebral palsy.

To determine the criterion validity of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals With Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) by means of daily physical activity levels measured by using a validated accelerometry-based activity monitor in a large group of persons with a physical disability.

Intrathecal baclofen and motor function in cerebral palsy.

To determine if constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is more effective than bimanual training (BIM) in improving upper limb activity outcomes for children with congenital hemiplegia in a matched-pairs randomized trial.

We compared anteroposterior and mediolateral range of motion and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) on the horse’s back between riders without disabilities and riders with cerebral palsy. An electronic pressure mat was used to track COP movements beneath the saddle in 4 riders without disabilities and 4 riders with cerebral palsy.

Objective: To assess the effects of additional gait trainer assisted walking exercises on walking performance in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Design: A randomized controlled study. Setting: Paediatric physical therapy outpatient clinic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Kinesio® tape (KT) application on sitting posture, gross motor function and the level of functional independence.

To estimate the effect of cranial osteopathy on the general health and wellbeing, including physical functioning, of children with cerebral palsy.

Twenty children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) were randomised to either CIMT or neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT).

An international multidisciplinary group of healthcare professionals and researchers participated in a consensus conference on the management of cerebral palsy, convened by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics.

Identification of a core set of exercise tests for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a Delphi survey of researchers and clinicians

Physiotherapy in high-risk infants — a motor learning facilitator or not?

A recent randomized controlled trial indicated that modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy followed by Bimanual Training (mCIMT–BiT) is an effective intervention to improve spontaneous use of the affected upper limb in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for improving affected upper limb function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). However, little is known about the changes in the brain that are induced by CIMT. This study was designed to investigate these changes and behavioural performance after CIMT intervention in mice with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

To examine if body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) improves the regularity of stepping kinematics in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

This case report provides an overview of surgical procedures, including single-event multiple level surgery (SEMLS) used in the management of secondary conditions in cerebral palsy (CP).

We searched electronic databases until February 2010 using key words related to concepts of cerebral palsy and physical activity. This search was supplemented with citation tracking.

Little is known about the efficacy and the working mechanisms of physical and occupational therapy interventions for children with cerebral palsy (CP). In recent years a shift from a child-focused intervention approach to a more context-focused intervention approach can be recognized.

Persons with cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk for developing an inactive lifestyle and often have poor fitness levels, which may lead to secondary health complications and diminished participation and quality of life.

It is widely accepted that infants at risk for cerebral palsy need paediatric physiotherapy. However, there is little evidence for the efficacy of physiotherapeutic intervention. Recently, a new intervention program, COPCA (Coping with and Caring for infants with special needs – a family centered program), was developed.

Regular participation in physical activities is important for all children to stay fit and healthy. Children with cerebral palsy have reduced levels of physical activity, compared to typically developing children.

Task-specific body-weight-supported treadmill therapy improves walking performance in children with central gait impairment. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of robotic-assisted treadmill therapy on standing and walking performance in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and to determine parameters influencing outcome.

This systematic review focused on the common conventional physiotherapy interventions used with children with cerebral palsy (CP), aged 4 to 18 years, and critically appraised the recent evidence of each of these interventions using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence.

To identify evidence evaluating the effectiveness of physiotherapy in adolescents (>16 years of age) and adults with cerebral palsy.

Forced use (FU) is an emerging treatment for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). It involves constraining the unaffected arm and no additional treatment of the affected arm. Our study examined a new approach to FU in children with hemiplegic CP: that is, restraint of the unaffected limb and no rehabilitation.

To investigate the validity of MTI accelerometer as a physical activity (PA) measurement instrument for children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Stiffness and shortening of the calf muscle due to neural or mechanical factors can profoundly affect motor function. The aim of this study was to investigate non-neurally mediated calf-muscle tightness in children with cerebral palsy (CP) before and after botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection.

Causal relation between spasticity, strength, gross motor function, and functional outcome in children with cerebral palsy: a path analysis

Studies on the use of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) for ambulant adults with spasticity and/or dystonia of cerebral origin are scarce, and are even more limited for children and adolescents.

This study examined the active joint-position sense in children with Spastic Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy (SHCP) and the effect of static visual feedback and static mirror visual feedback, of the non-moving limb, on the joint-position sense

This study used data from a population-based cerebral palsy (CP) registry and systematic review to assess the amount of heterogeneity between registries in topographical patterns when dichotomized into unilateral (USCP) and bilateral spastic CP (BSCP), and whether the terms diplegia and quadriplegia provide useful additional epidemiological information.

Dysport®, a formulation of botulinum toxin A, blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions causing denervation and temporary muscle paralysis. It is used to treat several medical conditions, including dystonias and focal spasticity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method  Nineteen children (four females, 15 males; mean age 4y 7mo, SD 1y 7mo) with bilateral spastic CP, were prospectively assessed at baseline and 18 months, 3 years, and 10 years after SDR.

The aim of this article was to compare medial gastrocnemius muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle length, fascicle length, and pennation angle in children aged 2 to 5 years with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and in typically developing children.

Spasticity is one of the common complications in upper motor neuron lesions and without appropriate treatment it causes disturbances in movement pattern. Assessments of patients are effective in patient’s management.

The primary aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the short-term (1 year) and long-term (mean 6 years) effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) on gross motor function and spasticity in ambulatory children with spastic diplegia. Secondary aims were to investigate side effects, additional treatment during follow-up (botulinum toxin type A injections or orthopedic surgery), and parental satisfaction.

Botulinum toxin A in conjunction with occupational therapy reduces spasticity and improves upper limb function and goal attainment in children with cerebral palsy.

Spasticity is a common disability in children with cerebral palsy. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthotics, rhizotomy, and orthopedic surgery, all play important roles in the management of spasticity.

Cerebral palsy (CP) results from an upper motoneuron (UMN)lesion in the developing brain. Secondary to the UMNl esion,which causes spasticity, is a pathological response by muscle – namely, contracture. However, the elements within muscle that increase passive mechanical stiffness, and therefore result in contracture, are unknown.

Neurodynamic mechanisms underlying regulation of muscular tone are considered in the context of the integral systemic approach to the analysis of efficiency of adaptive preparation of spastic muscles to kinesitherapeutic procedures exemplified by myographic biological feedback (BFB) training of the affected muscles in children suffering cerebral paralysis

This study aimed to assess short-term effects of botulinum toxin A in ambulant adults with spastic cerebral palsy.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) designates a group of genetic disorders typically leading to spasticity in the lower limbs and consequently to gait disorders. Although the symptoms are similar to those of cerebral palsy (CP), the correct diagnosis is important for treatment recommendations as one condition is progressive in nature whereas the other is not.

Between November 2001 and January 2008, 56 patients (68 hands) out of 110 patients operated for spastic hand deformities, presented with spasticity of the intrinsic muscles of the long fingers (interosseii and the abductor pollicis brevis). All patients were adults (mean age 42.1 years).

The mechanisms contributing to swing phase knee acceleration in individuals with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) are not well understood, but evidence suggests that selective voluntary motor control (SVMC) may play a role.

Cerebral palsy is often associated with an abnormal gait pattern. This study put focus on relation between muscle strength and kinetic gait pattern in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and compares them with a reference group.

This study examined the causal relation between spasticity, weakness, gross motor function, and functional outcome (expressed as activity limitation) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and tested models of functional outcome mediated by gross motor function.

This paper aims to present our experience of 7 cases of spastic children, using sonoelastography in assessing the muscle spasticity: the relaxed muscle structures appear mostly soft (green-yellow-red), while contracted or degenerated muscle fibers appear hard (blue)

Spasticity and contracture are major sources of disability in people with neurological impairments that have been evaluated using various instruments: the Modified Ashworth Scale, tendon reflex scale, pendulum test, mechanical perturbations, and passive joint range of motion (ROM).

This article discusses the sagittal gait patterns in children with spastic diplegia, with an emphasis on the knee, as well as the concept of the “dose” of surgery that is required to correct different gait pathologies. The authors list the various interventions in the order of their increasing dose. The concept of dose is useful in the consideration of the management of knee dysfunction.

Neurological conditions including cerebral palsy, brain injury, and stroke often result in severe spasticity, which can lead to significant deformity and interfere with function.

Letter to the editor: Re: Safety of botulinum toxin type A among children with spasticity secondary to cerebral palsy: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

A diagnosis of ‘cerebral palsy’ in childhood is relatively common. Abnormalities of the upper cervical spine causing spinal cord compression are rare, but can be a cause of symptoms and signs that may otherwise be attributed to brain injury acquired during development.

To quantify dynamic spasticity, i.e. the coupling between muscle-tendon stretch velocity and muscle activity during gait, of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of movement and posture control with multiple impairments. The clinical manifestations of CP vary among children. The aim of this study was to compare the developmental profiles of preschool children with either of two types of CP: spastic diplegic (SD) CP and spastic quadriplegic (SQ) CP.

The motor effort of jaw-closing muscles during maximal voluntary clenching (MVC) was compared between individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and nondisabled control subjects (CG).

Cerebral palsy (CP) may cause severe spasticity, requiring neurosurgical procedures. The most common neurosurgical procedures are continuous infusion of intrathecal baclofen and selective dorsal rhizotomy.

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability in children. Spasticity is a disabling clinical symptom that is prevalent among patients suffering from cerebral palsy. The treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is a well-established option in the interdisciplinary management of spasticity, providing focal reductions in muscle tone in cerebral palsy patients.

Lever arm dysfunction (LAD) deformities in patients with CP are based on imbalanced forces acting in lower limbs during gait. Muscle imbalance results in bone axial deformities, simultaneously magnifying biomechanical disturbances. Goal. Analysis of knee joint velocity in patients with spastic dipegia treated with use of single event multi level surgery (SEMLS).

To evaluate published evidence of efficacy and safety of pharmacologic treatments for childhood spasticity due to cerebral palsy.